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define concepts

  • 1 определять понятия

    Понятие взаимовыгодного пересмотра условий договора было предложено Деватрипонтом. — The concept of mutually advantageous renegotiation was introduced by Dewatripont.

    понятие компьютерной системы для проведения телеконференций [КСТК] — notion of computer conferencing system [CCS]

    Понятие компьютерной системы для проведения телеконференций (КСТК) получило международное признание как модельное представление (метафора), которое используется для описания текстовых баз данных, обычно размещенных на центральном компьютере. — The notion of computer conferencing system (CCS) is an internationally recognized metaphor used to describe a text database usually located on a central computer.

    Russian-English Dictionary "Microeconomics" > определять понятия

  • 2 definir

    v.
    1 to define.
    Ricardo definió las políticas ayer Richard defined the policies yesterday.
    2 to describe.
    3 to circumscribe, to delimit.
    La cerca define mi territorio The fence circumscribes my territory.
    4 to explain.
    El sabio definió los conceptos The sage explained the concepts.
    * * *
    1 to define
    1 to be defined
    2 (explicarse) to make oneself clear, define one's position
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ concepto, palabra] to define
    2) (=calificar) to describe
    3) (=aclarar) [+ actitud, posición] to define; [+ contorno, silueta] to define, make sharp
    4) (=establecer) [+ poder, jurisdicción] to define, establish

    esta ley define las competencias de cada administración — this law defines o establishes the powers of each authority

    5) (Inform) to define
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <palabra/concepto> to define
    b) <postura/actitud> to define
    c) <contorno/línea> to define, make... sharp
    2.
    definirse v pron
    * * *
    = define, delineate, state, structure, construe, scope.
    Ex. AACR2 defines authorship in terms of the intellectual responsibility for a work.
    Ex. PRECIS relies upon citation order (sometimes with the support of prepositions) to record syntactical relationships, and to delineate two similar subjects.
    Ex. Short abstracts are generally preferred, but there are instances where the most effective approach is to cite the original unamended, and to state that this is what has been done.
    Ex. The large cataloguing record data bases are structured according to a format known as the MARC format.
    Ex. This is not to be construed as a suggestion that the library should attempt to set itself up as pedagogue to the nation.
    Ex. Information policy is highly complex and that it presents considerable difficulties in terms of scoping meaningful studies.
    ----
    * definir de un modo predeterminado e inamobible = hard code [hardcode].
    * definir de un modo predeterminado e inamovible = hardwire [hard wire].
    * definir por uno mismo = self-define.
    * definir relaciones = structure + relationships.
    * definir una función = formulate + role.
    * definir una misión = formulate + mission.
    * definir un problema = delineate + problem.
    * fácil de definir = easy-to-define.
    * no definirse = sit on + the fence.
    * ser hora de definirse = time to climb off the fence.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <palabra/concepto> to define
    b) <postura/actitud> to define
    c) <contorno/línea> to define, make... sharp
    2.
    definirse v pron
    * * *
    = define, delineate, state, structure, construe, scope.

    Ex: AACR2 defines authorship in terms of the intellectual responsibility for a work.

    Ex: PRECIS relies upon citation order (sometimes with the support of prepositions) to record syntactical relationships, and to delineate two similar subjects.
    Ex: Short abstracts are generally preferred, but there are instances where the most effective approach is to cite the original unamended, and to state that this is what has been done.
    Ex: The large cataloguing record data bases are structured according to a format known as the MARC format.
    Ex: This is not to be construed as a suggestion that the library should attempt to set itself up as pedagogue to the nation.
    Ex: Information policy is highly complex and that it presents considerable difficulties in terms of scoping meaningful studies.
    * definir de un modo predeterminado e inamobible = hard code [hardcode].
    * definir de un modo predeterminado e inamovible = hardwire [hard wire].
    * definir por uno mismo = self-define.
    * definir relaciones = structure + relationships.
    * definir una función = formulate + role.
    * definir una misión = formulate + mission.
    * definir un problema = delineate + problem.
    * fácil de definir = easy-to-define.
    * no definirse = sit on + the fence.
    * ser hora de definirse = time to climb off the fence.

    * * *
    definir [I1 ]
    vt
    1 ‹palabra/concepto› to define
    2 ‹postura/actitud› to define
    3 ‹contorno/línea› to define, make … sharp
    aún no se ha definido con respecto a este problema he has yet to define his position o to say where he stands on this issue
    tenemos que definirnos por una u otra opción we have to come down in favor of o choose one or other of the options
    el pueblo se definió por la alternativa pacífica the people came out o decided in favor of a peaceful solution
    * * *

     

    definir ( conjugate definir) verbo transitivo
    to define
    definir verbo transitivo to define
    ' definir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    concretar
    - de
    English:
    define
    - item
    - thing
    - delineate
    - determine
    - pin
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [explicar, precisar] to define;
    debes definir tu postura you must define your position, you must say where you stand
    2. [describir] to describe;
    la generosidad define su carácter generosity typifies his character;
    se define a sí mismo como de derechas he describes himself as right-wing
    * * *
    v/t define
    * * *
    1) : to define
    2) : to determine
    * * *
    definir vb to define

    Spanish-English dictionary > definir

  • 3 Knowledge

       It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)
       It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.
       But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reflection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)
       Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).
       Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])
       Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....
       This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)
       Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)
       Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)
       "Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.
       Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge

  • 4 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

  • 5 begrifflich

    I Adj. conceptual; (nicht wirklich) notional; begriffliches Denken thinking in concepts, abstract thinking; begriffliche Klärung conceptual clarification
    II Adv.: begrifflich erfassen conceptualize; etw. begrifflich verständlich machen make s.th. conceptually clear
    * * *
    notional; conceptional
    * * *
    be|grịff|lich [bə'grIflɪç]
    1. adj
    1) attr (= bedeutungsmäßig) conceptual
    2) (= gedanklich, abstrakt) abstract
    2. adv
    1) (= bedeutungsmäßig) conceptually

    begrifflich bestimmen — to define (in clear terms)

    begrifflich ordnen —

    2) (= gedanklich) abstractly
    * * *
    be·griff·lich
    adj attr conceptual
    sich akk um \begriffliche Klarheit bemühen to endeavour [or AM -or] to define things clearly
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv conceptual
    2.
    adverbial conceptually
    * * *
    A. adj conceptual; (nicht wirklich) notional;
    begriffliches Denken thinking in concepts, abstract thinking;
    begriffliche Klärung conceptual clarification
    B. adv:
    begrifflich erfassen conceptualize;
    etwas begrifflich verständlich machen make sth conceptually clear
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv conceptual
    2.
    adverbial conceptually
    * * *
    adj.
    conceptual adj.
    notional adj.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > begrifflich

  • 6 bolsa de plástico

    (n.) = plastic bag, polybag, polyethylene bag
    Ex. The subject headings 'welding of plastic bags' and 'polyethylene films', may be analysed in the same way to fit into categories which define their role in relation to the other concepts involved.
    Ex. Meanwhile, the government imposed a ban on the use of polybags in the capital on account of being an environmental hazard.
    Ex. That means storing the papers in archival quality polyethylene bags and then storing the bagged papers in archival boxes.
    * * *
    (n.) = plastic bag, polybag, polyethylene bag

    Ex: The subject headings 'welding of plastic bags' and 'polyethylene films', may be analysed in the same way to fit into categories which define their role in relation to the other concepts involved.

    Ex: Meanwhile, the government imposed a ban on the use of polybags in the capital on account of being an environmental hazard.
    Ex: That means storing the papers in archival quality polyethylene bags and then storing the bagged papers in archival boxes.

    Spanish-English dictionary > bolsa de plástico

  • 7 característica

    adj.&f.
    feminine of CARACTERÍSTICO.
    f.
    characteristic, aspect, feature, peculiarity.
    * * *
    1 characteristic
    * * *
    1. noun f.
    characteristic, feature, trait
    2. f., (m. - característico)
    * * *
    SF characteristic, feature
    * * *
    1) ( rasgo) feature, characteristic
    2) (Mat) characteristic
    3) (RPl) (Telec) exchange code
    * * *
    = attribute, character, characteristic, feature, peculiarity, trait, contour, distinctive feature, character trait.
    Ex. A characteristic of subdivision is an attribute or property which all concepts in a given facet have in common, and by which isolates can be grouped.
    Ex. Close attention to the role of the computer specialist reveals more of the character of reference activities.
    Ex. Of the two characteristics of indexing, exhaustivity affect two important measures of the efficiency of an information retrieval system.
    Ex. The features which contribute to UDC's suitability for detailed indexing are particularly valued in special libraries.
    Ex. For, as Panizzi saw it, 'A reader may know the work he requires; he cannot be expected to know all the peculiarities of different editions; and this information he has a right to expect from the catalogues'.
    Ex. The reasonable reader readily sees that most of these traits should be acquired and fostered early in life.
    Ex. As a result, requesters have turned to the courts to define the contours of public access in the computer age.
    Ex. The distinctive feature of the library is the dome-shaped ceiling with cross beams in stained pine.
    Ex. Personality theory based on genetics is used to trace inherited character traits in European royalty.
    ----
    * asumir una característica + Adjetivo = take on + Adjetivo + character.
    * característica común = common denominator.
    * característica de división = characteristic of division.
    * característica de la división = characteristic of division.
    * característica de la subdivisión = characteristic of subdivision.
    * característica del surco = groove characteristic.
    * característica distintiva = stock-in-trade, distinctive feature.
    * característica física = physical characteristic.
    * característica personal = personality trait, personality characteristic.
    * característica propia = trademark.
    * características = profile, face, make-up [makeup].
    * características comunes = commonness.
    * características culturales = cultural background.
    * características económicas = economic background.
    * características geográficas = geographical background.
    * características políticas = political background.
    * características religiosas = religious background.
    * características técnicas = technical specification, technical features, technical data.
    * característica técnica = spec.
    * con las características similares a las de texto = text-like.
    * describir las características de = characterise [characterize, -USA].
    * establecer características = lay down + features.
    * tener características en común = share + similarities.
    * URC (Características Uniformes de Recursos) = URC (Uniform Resource Characteristics).
    * * *
    1) ( rasgo) feature, characteristic
    2) (Mat) characteristic
    3) (RPl) (Telec) exchange code
    * * *
    = attribute, character, characteristic, feature, peculiarity, trait, contour, distinctive feature, character trait.

    Ex: A characteristic of subdivision is an attribute or property which all concepts in a given facet have in common, and by which isolates can be grouped.

    Ex: Close attention to the role of the computer specialist reveals more of the character of reference activities.
    Ex: Of the two characteristics of indexing, exhaustivity affect two important measures of the efficiency of an information retrieval system.
    Ex: The features which contribute to UDC's suitability for detailed indexing are particularly valued in special libraries.
    Ex: For, as Panizzi saw it, 'A reader may know the work he requires; he cannot be expected to know all the peculiarities of different editions; and this information he has a right to expect from the catalogues'.
    Ex: The reasonable reader readily sees that most of these traits should be acquired and fostered early in life.
    Ex: As a result, requesters have turned to the courts to define the contours of public access in the computer age.
    Ex: The distinctive feature of the library is the dome-shaped ceiling with cross beams in stained pine.
    Ex: Personality theory based on genetics is used to trace inherited character traits in European royalty.
    * asumir una característica + Adjetivo = take on + Adjetivo + character.
    * característica común = common denominator.
    * característica de división = characteristic of division.
    * característica de la división = characteristic of division.
    * característica de la subdivisión = characteristic of subdivision.
    * característica del surco = groove characteristic.
    * característica distintiva = stock-in-trade, distinctive feature.
    * característica física = physical characteristic.
    * característica personal = personality trait, personality characteristic.
    * característica propia = trademark.
    * características = profile, face, make-up [makeup].
    * características comunes = commonness.
    * características culturales = cultural background.
    * características económicas = economic background.
    * características geográficas = geographical background.
    * características políticas = political background.
    * características religiosas = religious background.
    * características técnicas = technical specification, technical features, technical data.
    * característica técnica = spec.
    * con las características similares a las de texto = text-like.
    * describir las características de = characterise [characterize, -USA].
    * establecer características = lay down + features.
    * tener características en común = share + similarities.
    * URC (Características Uniformes de Recursos) = URC (Uniform Resource Characteristics).

    * * *
    A (rasgo, peculiaridad) feature, characteristic
    B ( Mat) characteristic
    C ( RPl) ( Telec) exchange code
    * * *

     

    característica sustantivo femenino

    b) (RPl) (Telec) exchange code

    característico,-a adjetivo characteristic: eso es muy característico de Juan, that's typical of Juan
    característica sustantivo femenino characteristic
    ' característica' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acento
    - común
    - dominar
    - heredar
    - mestizaje
    - particularidad
    - presidir
    - propiedad
    - constante
    - distintivo
    - rasgo
    English:
    characteristic
    - feature
    - hooked
    - inner city
    - irony
    - peculiarity
    - quality
    - unpleasantness
    * * *
    1. [rasgo] characteristic, feature
    2. Mat characteristic
    3. Am [prefijo] area code
    * * *
    f
    1 characteristic
    2 L.Am.
    TELEC area code
    * * *
    rasgo: trait, feature, characteristic
    * * *
    característica n characteristic / feature
    ¿cuál es su característica más evidente? what is his most obvious characteristic?

    Spanish-English dictionary > característica

  • 8 desaparición de las diferencias

    (n.) = blurring of differences, blurring of roles, blurring of boundaries
    Ex. If such a national system could be accomplished, I think we would see a blurring of the differences between the public library user and the research library user.
    Ex. The article concludes that there will be a blurring of roles among local institutions, libraries and regional networks.
    Ex. One of the effects of these changes is a blurring of boundaries between the institutions, concepts, and processes which define western culture.
    * * *
    (n.) = blurring of differences, blurring of roles, blurring of boundaries

    Ex: If such a national system could be accomplished, I think we would see a blurring of the differences between the public library user and the research library user.

    Ex: The article concludes that there will be a blurring of roles among local institutions, libraries and regional networks.
    Ex: One of the effects of these changes is a blurring of boundaries between the institutions, concepts, and processes which define western culture.

    Spanish-English dictionary > desaparición de las diferencias

  • 9 desaparición de los límites

    Ex. One of the effects of these changes is a blurring of boundaries between the institutions, concepts, and processes which define western culture.
    * * *

    Ex: One of the effects of these changes is a blurring of boundaries between the institutions, concepts, and processes which define western culture.

    Spanish-English dictionary > desaparición de los límites

  • 10 película transparente de plástico

    Ex. The subject headings 'welding of plastic bags' and 'polyethylene films', may be analysed in the same way to fit into categories which define their role in relation to the other concepts involved.
    * * *

    Ex: The subject headings 'welding of plastic bags' and 'polyethylene films', may be analysed in the same way to fit into categories which define their role in relation to the other concepts involved.

    Spanish-English dictionary > película transparente de plástico

  • 11 ser + Adjetivo

    (v.) = get + Adjetivo
    Ex. Without getting too technical, it is necessary to define some essential semiotic concepts.
    * * *
    (v.) = get + Adjetivo

    Ex: Without getting too technical, it is necessary to define some essential semiotic concepts.

    Spanish-English dictionary > ser + Adjetivo

  • 12 soldadura

    f.
    3 welding, weld, brazing.
    * * *
    1 (acción) welding, soldering
    2 (unión) weld, soldered joint
    * * *
    SF
    1) [de materiales] solder
    2) (=acción) [con estaño] soldering; [sin estaño] welding
    3) (=juntura) welded seam, weld
    * * *
    femenino (Tec)
    a) ( acción - con estaño) soldering; (- sin estaño) welding
    b) ( efecto) ( con estaño) solder; ( sin estaño) weld
    * * *
    = welding, soldering, soldered joint, welding seam.
    Ex. The subject headings ' welding of plastic bags' and 'polyethylene films', may be analysed in the same way to fit into categories which define their role in relation to the other concepts involved.
    Ex. The subjects 'welding' and 'soldering' might both be found under Metals (Metals -- welding, Metals -- soldering), which would show their relationship but would not give direct entry.
    Ex. An early Ferranti computer (1950) contained 4,000 valves, had six miles of wiring, 100,000 soldered joints, and needed 27 Kilowatts of power before it could function.
    Ex. This method can also be used to track an object or some feature of it (e.g. welding seams).
    * * *
    femenino (Tec)
    a) ( acción - con estaño) soldering; (- sin estaño) welding
    b) ( efecto) ( con estaño) solder; ( sin estaño) weld
    * * *
    = welding, soldering, soldered joint, welding seam.

    Ex: The subject headings ' welding of plastic bags' and 'polyethylene films', may be analysed in the same way to fit into categories which define their role in relation to the other concepts involved.

    Ex: The subjects 'welding' and 'soldering' might both be found under Metals (Metals -- welding, Metals -- soldering), which would show their relationship but would not give direct entry.
    Ex: An early Ferranti computer (1950) contained 4,000 valves, had six miles of wiring, 100,000 soldered joints, and needed 27 Kilowatts of power before it could function.
    Ex: This method can also be used to track an object or some feature of it (e.g. welding seams).

    * * *
    1 ( Tec) (con estaño) soldering; (sin estaño) welding
    2 ( Med) knitting
    Compuesto:
    autogenous welding
    1 ( Tec) (con estaño) solder; (sin estaño) weld
    2 ( Med) knit
    * * *

     

    soldadura sustantivo femenino
    1 soldiering, welding
    2 (unión) soldered joint, welded seam
    ' soldadura' also found in these entries:
    English:
    solder
    * * *
    1. [acción] [con estaño] soldering;
    [por arco, oxiacetilénica] welding soldadura autógena autogenous welding
    2. [juntura] [con estaño] soldered joint;
    [por arco, oxiacetilénica] weld
    3. [de fractura] knitting (together)
    * * *
    f welding, soldering
    * * *
    1) : welding
    2) : soldering, solder

    Spanish-English dictionary > soldadura

  • 13 cierto

    adj.
    1 true, exact, definite, certain.
    2 certain, some.
    3 certain, sure, inescapable, inevitable.
    intj.
    1 right, isn't that right, correct, isn't that so.
    2 sure thing.
    * * *
    1 (seguro) certain, sure
    3 (algún) certain, some
    1 certainly
    \
    en ciertos casos in certain cases, in some cases
    estar en lo cierto to be right
    lo cierto es que... the fact is that...
    por cierto by the way
    ————————
    1 certainly
    * * *
    (f. - cierta)
    adj.
    2) true
    3) one, some
    •
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=verdadero) true

    ¿es cierto eso? — is that really so?, is that true?

    ha mejorado mucho, ¿no es cierto? — it has improved a lot, don't you think?

    es cierto, es mejor que nos vayamos — yes o you're right, I think we'd better go

    cierto, es un problema grave — it's certainly a serious problem

    • estar en lo cierto — to be right

    • lo cierto es que — the fact is that, the truth of the matter is that

    • es cierto que — it's true that

    2) (=seguro) certain, sure

    lo único cierto es que... — the only sure thing is that...

    • saber algo de cierto — to know sth for certain

    3) [uso indefinido]
    a) [en sing] a certain

    me alejé de allí con una cierta sensación de preocupación — I left there feeling a little anxious, I left there with a certain feeling of anxiety

    • en cierta ocasión — on one occasion, once

    • durante cierto tiempo — for a while

    edad 1), manera 2), modo 2), punto 8), sentido 2., 6)
    b) [en pl] some, certain

    es mejor no hablar de ciertas cosas — some o certain things are better not discussed

    4)

    • por cierto — by the way, incidentally

    por cierto, ¿qué es de tu hermano? — by the way, o incidentally, what's your brother doing now?

    un libro que, por cierto, recomiendo totalmente — a book which, by the way, o incidentally, I would thoroughly recommend

    * * *
    - ta adjetivo
    1) ( verdadero) true

    ah!, es cierto — oh yes, of course

    parece más joven, ¿no es cierto? — he looks younger, doesn't he o don't you think?

    lo cierto es que... — the fact is that...

    es cierto que... — it is true that...

    si bien es cierto que... — while o although it's true to say that...

    por cierto — ( a propósito) by the way, incidentally; ( por supuesto) of course

    dinero que, por cierto, nunca me devolvió — money which, of course, he never paid back

    2) (delante del n) (que no se especifica, define) certain

    en cierta ocasión... — on one occasion...

    * * *
    - ta adjetivo
    1) ( verdadero) true

    ah!, es cierto — oh yes, of course

    parece más joven, ¿no es cierto? — he looks younger, doesn't he o don't you think?

    lo cierto es que... — the fact is that...

    es cierto que... — it is true that...

    si bien es cierto que... — while o although it's true to say that...

    por cierto — ( a propósito) by the way, incidentally; ( por supuesto) of course

    dinero que, por cierto, nunca me devolvió — money which, of course, he never paid back

    2) (delante del n) (que no se especifica, define) certain

    en cierta ocasión... — on one occasion...

    * * *
    cierto1
    1 = true [truer -comp., truest -sup.].

    Ex: The Concise AACR2 by Michael Gorman is not a true abridged edition of the full edition, but rather a rewritten distillation of the essential rules and principles.

    * a ciencia cierta = for sure, for certain.
    * a cierta distancia = some distance away.
    * confirmar que se está en lo cierto = prove + Posesivo + point, make + Posesivo + case.
    * conocer a ciencia cierta = know for + certain, know for + sure, know for + a fact.
    * demostrar que se está en lo cierto = prove + Posesivo + point, make + Posesivo + case.
    * estar en lo cierto = hit + the truth.
    * lo cierto es que = fact is, the fact is (that).
    * por cierto = coincidentally, incidentally, by the way, anecdotally, by the by(e), speaking of which.
    * probar que se está en lo cierto = prove + Posesivo + point, make + Posesivo + case.
    * saber a ciencia cierta = know for + certain, know for + sure, know for + a fact.
    * saber a ciencia cierta que = know + for a fact that.
    * si bien es cierto que = albeit (that).

    cierto2
    2 = a measure of, a certain amount of, an element of, certain, some.

    Ex: Perhaps since they have only an inadequate measure of only one of the five characteristics, the schools ought to recognize their inability to deal with the problems and give up.

    Ex: 'I can do it,' he said to himself, with a certain amount of aplomb which years of dealing with problems had given him.
    Ex: They all permit an element of coordination of concepts at the search stage when searching most of the databases that are on offer.
    Ex: The same is true for personal names, for subject headings or descriptors, for certain types of titles, for classification numbers, for call numbers, and so on = Lo mismo ocurre en el caso de los nombres personales, los encabezamientos de materia o descriptores, cierto tipo de títulos, los números de clasificación, las signaturas topográficas, etc.
    Ex: Nevertheless, modern cataloguing practices often represent some amalgam of the collocative and the direct approaches.
    * a cierta distancia de = off.
    * a cierta distancia de la costa = offshore.
    * a cierta distancia del litoral = offshore.
    * bajo ciertas circunstancias = under certain circumstances.
    * bajo ciertas condiciones = under certain conditions.
    * cada cierto tiempo = episodic, every so often, every now and then, every now and again.
    * cierto grado de = a degree of.
    * conceder cierta autoridad sobre = give + Nombre + a say in.
    * con cierta comodidad = with some ease.
    * con cierta facilidad = with some ease.
    * con cierta formación = educated.
    * con cierta frecuencia = not uncommonly.
    * con cierto detalle = at some length.
    * con cierto gasto = at some expense.
    * de cierto tipo = of a sort, of sorts.
    * durante cierto tiempo = over a period of time.
    * en cierta medida = to some extent, to a certain extent, to some degree.
    * en ciertas circunstancias = in certain circumstances.
    * en ciertas ocasiones = at certain times.
    * en cierto grado = something of.
    * en cierto modo = to some extent, after a fashion, to a certain extent, in a manner of speaking, so to speak, to some degree.
    * en cierto modo + Verbo = sort of + Verbo.
    * en ciertos casos = in certain cases.
    * en cierto sentido = in several respects, to some extent, in a sense, in some respects, to some degree.
    * hasta cierto punto = up to a point, to some degree, to some extent.
    * necesitar tomar cierto tipo de decisiones = require + judgement.
    * observar atentamente y durante cierto tiempo = maintain + vigil.
    * que confiere cierto estatus social = status-conferring.
    * sentir cierta aprensión (por) = be apprehensive (about).
    * ser en cierto modo un + Nombre = be something of a + Nombre.
    * situado a cierta distancia = further afield.
    * una cierta cantidad de = a measure of, a proportion of.
    * un cierto grado de = a certain amount of, a modicum of.
    * un cierto número de = a number of.

    * * *
    cierto -ta
    no hay nada de cierto en sus declaraciones there is no truth in his statement
    una cosa es cierta: cuando vino no lo sabía one thing's certain o for sure: he didn't know when he came
    tengo que ir al médico — ¡ah!, es cierto I have to go to the doctor's — oh yes, of course o that's right
    parece más joven, ¿no es cierto? he looks younger, doesn't he o don't you think?
    estabas en lo cierto you were right
    lo cierto es que ha desaparecido the fact is that it has gone, what's certain is that it has gone, one thing's for sure o for certain and that is that it has gone
    por cierto by the way, incidentally
    por cierto, si la ves dile que me llame by the way o incidentally, if you see her tell her to call me
    le presté el dinero que, por cierto, nunca me devolvió I lent him the money which, incidentally, he never paid back
    (que no se especifica, define): en cierta ocasión on one occasion, once
    cierta clase de gente a certain kind of people
    la noticia causó sensación en ciertos sectores sociales the news caused a sensation in some circles
    en cierto modo comprendo lo que dices in some ways I can understand what you're saying
    hasta cierto punto tiene razón up to a point you're right
    ese pueblecito tiene un cierto encanto that little village has a certain charm
    se respiraba un cierto malestar en el ambiente you could sense a degree of o a slight unease in the atmosphere
    camina con cierta dificultad she has some difficulty walking, she has a certain amount of difficulty walking
    una persona de cierta edad an elderly person
    * * *

     

    cierto
    ◊ -ta adjetivo

    1 ( verdadero) true;

    una cosa es cierta one thing's certain;
    ¡ah!, es cierto oh yes, of course;
    parece más joven, ¿no es cierto? he looks younger, doesn't he o don't you think?;
    estabas en lo cierto you were right;
    lo cierto es que … the fact is that …;
    si bien es cierto que … while o although it's true to say that …;
    por cierto ( a propósito) by the way, incidentally
    2 ( delante del n) (que no se especifica, define) certain;

    de cierta edad of a certain age;
    en cierta ocasión on one occasion;
    en cierto modo in some ways;
    hasta cierto punto up to a point;
    durante un cierto tiempo for a while
    cierto,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 (no falso) true
    (seguro) certain: di por cierto que vendrías, I was sure you would come
    lo cierto es que..., the fact is that... yo estaba en lo cierto, I was right
    2 (algún) certain: ciertas personas están interesadas, certain people are interested
    estoy de acuerdo hasta cierto punto, I agree up to a point
    II adverbio certainly
    ♦ Locuciones: por cierto, by the way
    ' cierto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    academicismo
    - bien
    - cierta
    - de
    - desahogo
    - empezar
    - ir
    - propósito
    - punto
    - realidad
    - relativamente
    - segura
    - seguro
    - tal
    - vagabunda
    - vagabundo
    - verdadera
    - verdadero
    - creer
    - dejar
    - demorar
    - demostrar
    - falso
    - hasta
    - lo
    - mantener
    - matiz
    - modo
    - parecido
    - pesar
    - posible
    - sentido
    - ser
    - suponer
    - tardar
    - valer
    English:
    accent
    - allow for
    - by
    - certain
    - degree
    - extent
    - fact
    - far-fetched
    - fashion
    - kind
    - lip
    - manner
    - may
    - necessarily
    - point
    - remain
    - right
    - sense
    - so
    - some
    - something
    - sort
    - talk
    - target
    - true
    - way
    - belie
    - certainly
    - definitely
    - do
    - have
    - measure
    - remind
    - strictly
    - sure
    - type
    - untrue
    * * *
    cierto, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [verdadero] true;
    estar en lo cierto to be right;
    lo cierto es que… the fact is that…;
    es cierto que… it's true (that…);
    no es cierto (que…) it is not true (that…);
    es el hijo de Javier, ¿no es cierto? he's Javier's son, isn't he?;
    si bien es cierto que… while it is true that…;
    ¿qué hay de cierto en las declaraciones del presidente? what truth is there in the president's statement?
    2. [seguro] certain, definite;
    es una señal cierta de su nerviosismo it's a sure sign that they're nervous;
    todavía no es cierto que vaya a poder participar it's still not certain that she'll be able to take part
    3. [algún] certain;
    cierto hombre a certain man;
    en cierta ocasión once, on one occasion;
    cierto día, iba caminando por la calle, cuando… I was walking down the street one day, when…;
    hemos recibido un cierto número de quejas we have received a certain number of o some complaints;
    tuvo un cierto éxito con su primer disco his first record was a moderate success;
    me da cierto reparo preguntárselo I'm a bit reluctant to ask her;
    en cierto modo, han hecho lo que han podido in a way, they did what they could;
    hasta cierto punto es verdad it's true up to a point
    ♦ adv
    right, certainly;
    ¿lo hizo usted? – cierto did you do it? – that's right;
    por cierto by the way;
    por cierto, ¿no te habrás acordado de comprar las entradas? by the way, did you remember to buy the tickets?;
    si la ves, por cierto, dile que la estoy buscando by the way, if you see her tell her I'm looking for her
    ♦ de cierto loc adv
    for certain, for sure;
    lo sé de cierto I know for certain o for sure
    * * *
    adj
    1 ( seguro) certain
    :
    es cierto it’s true;
    lo cierto es que … the fact is that …;
    3
    :
    hasta cierto punto up to a point;
    un cierto encanto a certain charm;
    cierto día one day
    4
    :
    por cierto incidentally
    * * *
    cierto, -ta adj
    1) : true, certain, definite
    lo cierto es que...: the fact is that...
    2) : certain, one
    cierto día de verano: one summer day
    bajo ciertas circunstancias: under certain circumstances
    3)
    por cierto : in fact, as a matter of fact
    ♦ ciertamente adv
    * * *
    cierto1 adj
    1. (en general) certain
    2. (verdadero) true
    cierto2 adv certainly

    Spanish-English dictionary > cierto

  • 14 Philosophy

       And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)
       Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)
       As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)
       It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)
       Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)
       I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)
       What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.
       This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).
       The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....
       Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)
       8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
       In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)
       Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....
       Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)
       In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy

  • 15 abgrenzen

    (trennb., hat -ge-)
    I v/t
    1. (trennen) divide; (Grundstück) mark off; (Territorium) demarcate
    2. fig. (unterscheiden) differentiate; (Begriffe) define; gegeneinander oder voneinander abgrenzen draw a clear dividing line between
    II v/refl fig.: sich abgrenzen von Person: distance ( oder dissociate) o.s. from
    * * *
    to delimit; to mark off; to mark out; to limit
    * * *
    ạb|gren|zen sep
    1. vt
    Grundstück, Gelände to fence off; (fig) Rechte, Pflichten, Einflussbereich, Befugnisse, Begriff to delimit (gegen, von from)

    etw durch einen Zaun/ein Seil/eine Mauer/eine Hecke abgrenzen — to fence/rope/wall/hedge sth off

    diese Begriffe lassen sich nur schwer ( gegeneinander) abgrenzen — it is hard to distinguish (between) these two concepts

    2. vr
    to dis( as)sociate oneself (gegen from)
    * * *
    ab|gren·zen
    I. vt
    ▪ etw \abgrenzen to enclose sth
    ▪ etw gegen etw akk \abgrenzen to close sth off from sth
    zwei Dinge voneinander \abgrenzen to differentiate between two things
    diese Begriffe lassen sich schwer gegeneinander \abgrenzen it is difficult to differentiate between these terms
    II. vr
    ▪ sich akk [gegen jdn/etw] \abgrenzen to distinguish [or distance] oneself [from sb/sth]
    * * *

    etwas gegen od. von etwas abgrenzen — separate something from something

    2) (unterscheiden) differentiate; distinguish
    * * *
    abgrenzen (trennb, hat -ge-)
    A. v/t
    1. (trennen) divide; (Grundstück) mark off; (Territorium) demarcate
    2. fig (unterscheiden) differentiate; (Begriffe) define;
    voneinander abgrenzen draw a clear dividing line between
    B. v/r fig:
    sich abgrenzen von Person: distance ( oder dissociate) o.s. from
    * * *

    etwas gegen od. von etwas abgrenzen — separate something from something

    2) (unterscheiden) differentiate; distinguish
    * * *
    v.
    to delimit v.
    to mark down v.
    to mark out v.
    to mark-off v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > abgrenzen

  • 16 concepto

    m.
    1 concept (idea).
    2 opinion.
    tener buen concepto de alguien to have a high opinion of somebody
    3 heading, item.
    pagar algo en concepto de adelanto to pay something in advance
    * * *
    1 (idea) concept, conception, idea
    2 (opinión) opinion, view
    3 FINANZAS heading, section
    \
    bajo ningún concepto under no circumstances
    en concepto de by way of
    formarse un concepto de algo/alguien to form an opinion of something/somebody
    tener a alguien en buen concepto to have a high opinion of somebody
    tener buen concepto de algo/alguien to have a high opinion of something/somebody
    tener mal concepto de algo/alguien to have a low opinion of something/somebody
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=idea) concept, notion

    un concepto grandioso — a bold conception, a bold plan

    2) (=opinión) view, judgment

    ¿qué concepto has formado de él? — what do you think of him?

    tener buen concepto de algn, tener en buen concepto a algn — to think highly of sb

    3) (=condición) heading, section

    • bajo ningún concepto — in no way, under no circumstances

    bajo todos los conceptos — from every point of view, in every way, in every respect

    • en o por concepto de — as, by way of

    se le pagó esa cantidad en o por concepto de derechos — he was paid that amount as royalties

    deducciones en o por concepto de seguro — deductions for social security

    4) (Literat) conceit
    * * *
    1) ( idea)

    el concepto de la libertad/justicia — the concept of freedom/justice

    tener un concepto equivocado de algo/alguien — to have a mistaken idea of something/somebody

    bajo or por ningún concepto — on no account

    2) (Com, Fin)

    el dinero se le adeuda por diversos conceptos — the money is owed to him in respect of various items/services

    recibieron $50.000 en or por concepto de indemnización — they received $50,000 in o as compensation

    3) (Lit) conceit
    * * *
    Nota: Unidad de pensamiento que se expresa normalmente mediante una palabra o símbolo.
    Ex. A paraphrase is an interpretation of the concepts featured in a document, written in the language of the writer of the paraphrase.
    ----
    * aclarar un concepto = clarify + idea, clarify + concept.
    * anular la validez de un concepto = sterilise + idea.
    * bajo ningún concepto = on no account, not on any account, under no/any circumstances.
    * cadena de conceptos = chain.
    * concepto aislado = isolate.
    * concepto aislado común anterior = anteriorizing common isolate.
    * concepto aislado común posterior = posteriorizing common isolate.
    * concepto asociado = collateral concept.
    * concepto compuesto = multi-word concept.
    * concepto de forma = form concept.
    * concepto de múltiples palabras = multiple-word concept.
    * concepto de uno mismo = self-image.
    * concepto distribuido = distributed relative.
    * concepto elemental = unit concept.
    * concepto independiente = unit concept.
    * concepto más general = broader concept.
    * concepto primario = primary concept.
    * conceptos básicos = basics.
    * concepto secundario = secondary concept, subsidiary concept.
    * concepto sensorial = percept.
    * concepto simple = unit concept.
    * concepto temático = subject concept.
    * concepto teórico = theoretical concept.
    * de conceptos = concept-based.
    * de conceptos múltiples = multiple-concept.
    * mantener un concepto = hold + concept.
    * tener un buen concepto de Alguien/Algo = hold in + high regard.
    * tener un concepto diferente sobre Algo = hold + different perspective on.
    * tener un mal concepto de Alguien/Algo = show + low regard for, give + low regard to.
    * término compuesto de conceptos múltiples = multiple-concept term.
    * término que representa un único concepto = one concept term.
    * * *
    1) ( idea)

    el concepto de la libertad/justicia — the concept of freedom/justice

    tener un concepto equivocado de algo/alguien — to have a mistaken idea of something/somebody

    bajo or por ningún concepto — on no account

    2) (Com, Fin)

    el dinero se le adeuda por diversos conceptos — the money is owed to him in respect of various items/services

    recibieron $50.000 en or por concepto de indemnización — they received $50,000 in o as compensation

    3) (Lit) conceit
    * * *
    Nota: Unidad de pensamiento que se expresa normalmente mediante una palabra o símbolo.

    Ex: A paraphrase is an interpretation of the concepts featured in a document, written in the language of the writer of the paraphrase.

    * aclarar un concepto = clarify + idea, clarify + concept.
    * anular la validez de un concepto = sterilise + idea.
    * bajo ningún concepto = on no account, not on any account, under no/any circumstances.
    * cadena de conceptos = chain.
    * concepto aislado = isolate.
    * concepto aislado común anterior = anteriorizing common isolate.
    * concepto aislado común posterior = posteriorizing common isolate.
    * concepto asociado = collateral concept.
    * concepto compuesto = multi-word concept.
    * concepto de forma = form concept.
    * concepto de múltiples palabras = multiple-word concept.
    * concepto de uno mismo = self-image.
    * concepto distribuido = distributed relative.
    * concepto elemental = unit concept.
    * concepto independiente = unit concept.
    * concepto más general = broader concept.
    * concepto primario = primary concept.
    * conceptos básicos = basics.
    * concepto secundario = secondary concept, subsidiary concept.
    * concepto sensorial = percept.
    * concepto simple = unit concept.
    * concepto temático = subject concept.
    * concepto teórico = theoretical concept.
    * de conceptos = concept-based.
    * de conceptos múltiples = multiple-concept.
    * mantener un concepto = hold + concept.
    * tener un buen concepto de Alguien/Algo = hold in + high regard.
    * tener un concepto diferente sobre Algo = hold + different perspective on.
    * tener un mal concepto de Alguien/Algo = show + low regard for, give + low regard to.
    * término compuesto de conceptos múltiples = multiple-concept term.
    * término que representa un único concepto = one concept term.

    * * *
    A
    (idea): el concepto de la libertad/justicia the concept of freedom/justice
    tiene un concepto equivocado de lo que es la caridad he has a mistaken idea o notion o conception of what charity is all about
    tengo (un) muy mal concepto de su trabajo I have a very low opinion of her work
    como empleado me merece el mejor de los conceptos I have a very high opinion of him as an employee
    bajo or por ningún concepto on no account, under no circumstances
    B ( Com, Fin):
    el dinero se le adeuda por diversos conceptos the money is owed to him in respect of various items/services
    recibieron $50.000 en or por concepto de indemnización they received $50,000 in o as compensation
    un complemento salarial en concepto de dedicación plena an incentive payment for full-time work
    C ( Lit) conceit
    * * *

     

    concepto sustantivo masculino
    a) ( idea):


    tener un concepto equivocado de algo/algn to have a mistaken idea of sth/sb;
    tengo (un) mal concepto de su trabajo I have a very low opinion of her work;
    bajo or por ningún concepto on no account
    b) (Com, Fin): en or por concepto de in respect of

    concepto sustantivo masculino
    1 (idea) concept
    2 (opinión, juicio) opinion
    3 (título, calidad) capacity
    4 (en un recibo, etc) item
    ♦ Locuciones: bajo ningún concepto, under no circumstances
    ' concepto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abominable
    - baja
    - bajo
    - idea
    - mayoría
    - salida
    - tutearse
    - universal
    - escurridizo
    - inaccesible
    - noción
    English:
    account
    - basic
    - body
    - concept
    - conception
    - define
    - idea
    - impenetrable
    - mistaken
    - opinion
    - rate
    - vague
    - circumstance
    - disapprove
    - notion
    - world
    * * *
    1. [idea] concept;
    el concepto del bien/de la justicia the concept of good/of justice;
    se expresa con conceptos claros y precisos she expresses her ideas clearly and concisely;
    ya me he formado un concepto del asunto I've got an idea of it now
    2. [opinión] opinion;
    tener buen concepto de alguien to have a high opinion of sb;
    lo tengo en muy buen concepto I think very highly of him, I have a very high opinion of him
    3. [motivo]
    no lo conseguirán bajo ningún concepto there's no way they'll ever manage it;
    bajo ningún concepto se lo cuentes a tu hermana on no account o under no circumstances must you tell your sister
    4. [de una cuenta] heading, item;
    los ingresos por este concepto crecieron un 5 por ciento income under this heading increased by 5 percent;
    pagar algo en concepto de adelanto to pay sth in advance;
    en concepto de dietas by way of o as expenses;
    recibió 2 millones en concepto de derechos de autor he received 2 million in royalties
    * * *
    m
    1 concept
    :
    tener un alto concepto de alguien think highly of s.o.
    :
    bajo ningún concepto on no account;
    bajo todos los conceptos in every way, in every respect
    4
    :
    en concepto de algo COM (in payment) for sth
    * * *
    noción: concept, idea, opinion
    * * *
    1. (idea) idea
    2. (opinión) opinion

    Spanish-English dictionary > concepto

  • 17 ὁρίζω

    ὁρίζω (ὅρος) fut. 3 sg. ὁριεῖ LXX; 1 aor. ὥρισα, pf. 3 pl. ὁρίκασιν (Tat. 17, 3). Pass.: 1 aor. 3 sg. ὡρίσθη (Just., A I, 44, 12); ptc. ὁρισθείς; pf. ptc. ὡρισμένος (Aeschyl., Hdt.+)
    ① from the basic mng., ‘to separate entities and so establish a boundary’, derives the sense ‘to define ideas or concepts’: set limits to, define, explain (X. et al. [as Ath. 6, 1] in act. and mid.) περί τινος give an explanation concerning someth. 12:1. τὸ ὕδωρ καὶ τὸν σταυρὸν ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ ὥρισεν he defined the water and the cross together (i.e. in the section on the tree by the streams of water Ps 1:3) 11:8. Sim.
    ② to make a determination about an entity, determine, appoint, fix, set
    ⓐ of things
    α. expressed by the acc. προφήτης ὁρίζων τράπεζαν a prophet who orders a meal (s. τράπεζα 2) D 11:9 (w. double acc.: Πυθαγόρας … ἔσχατον ὁρίζει φύσιν Theoph. Ant. 3, 7 [p. 216, 12]).—Of time (Pla., Leg. 9 p. 864e; Demosth. 36, 26 ὁ νόμος τὸν χρόνον ὥρισεν; Epict., Ench. 51, 1; PFlor 61, 45 [85 A.D.]; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 230; Just., D. 102, 4 χρόνους; more freq. pass., s. below) ἡμέραν Hb 4:7. ὁρ. προστεταγμένους καιρούς set appointed times Ac 17:26.—μηδὲν ὁρίζοντες μηδὲ νομοθετοῦντες without making rules or ordinances GMary 463, 29.—Pass. (SIG 495, 171; PFay 11, 16 [c. 115 B.C.]; PAmh 50, 15; PTebt 327, 12 al.) ὡρισμένοι καιροί (Diod S 1, 41, 7; cp. 16, 29, 2; Jos., Ant. 6, 78) appointed times 1 Cl 40:2. ὡρισμένης τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης after this day has been fixed Hv 2, 2, 5 (Diod S 2, 59, 5; 20, 110, 1 ὡρισμένη ἡμέρα; Herodian 1, 10, 5 ὡρισμένης ἡμέρας; Pollux 1, 67).—ὁ ὡρισμένος τόπος the appointed place 19:1 (cp. Iren. 5, 31, 2 [Harv. II 412, 1]). οἱ ὡρισμένοι νόμοι the established laws Dg 5:10. ὁ ὡρισμένος τῆς λειτουργίας κανών the established limits of (one’s) ministry 1 Cl 41:1. ἡ ὡρισμένη βουλή the definite plan Ac 2:23.—Subst. (cp. SIG 905, 14 τῶν ὁρισθέντων ἄγνοια) κατὰ τὸ ὡρισμένον in accordance with the (divine) decree Lk 22:22.
    β. by an inf. (Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 3 §12 ἀντιδοῦναι=to give as recompense; ApcMos 28 φυλάττειν; B-D-F §392, 1a) ὥρισαν … πέμψαι they determined (perh. set apart; so Field, Notes 119f and TGillieson, ET 56, ’44/45, 110) … to send Ac 11:29; by an indirect quest. 1 Cl 40:3.
    ⓑ of persons appoint, designate, declare: God judges the world ἐν ἀνδρὶ ᾧ ὥρισεν through a man whom he has appointed Ac 17:31. Pass. ὁ ὡρισμένος ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ κριτής the one appointed by God as judge 10:42. Of eccl. superintendents or overseers οἱ κατὰ τὰ πέρατα ὁρισθέντες those who are appointed in distant lands IEph 3:2. W. double acc. declare someone to be someth. (Meleag. in Anth. Pal. 12, 158, 7 σὲ γὰρ θεὸν ὥρισε δαίμων) pass. τοῦ ὁρισθέντος υἱοῦ θεοῦ ἐν δυνάμει who has been declared to be the powerful son of God Ro 1:4.—DELG s.v. ὅρος. M-M. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ὁρίζω

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